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Paolo Sarpi (14 August 1552 – 15 January 1623) was a Venetian historian, prelate, scientist, canon lawyer, and statesman active on behalf of the Venetian Republic during the period of its successful defiance of the papal interdict (1605–1607) and its war (1615–1617) with Austria over the Uskok pirates. His writings, frankly polemical and highly critical of the Catholic Church and its Scholastic tradition, "inspired both Hobbes and Gibbon in their own historical debunkings of priestcraft."〔Nadon, "Paolo Sarpi and the Venetian Interdict" in ''Enlightenment and Secularism: Essays on the Mobilization of Reason'', p. 20.〕 Sarpi's major work, the ''History of the Council of Trent'' (1619), was published in London in 1619; other works: a ''History of Ecclesiastical Benefices'', ''History of the Interdict'' and his ''Supplement to the History of the Uskoks'', appeared posthumously. Organized around single topics, they are early examples of the genre of the historical monograph.〔Peter Burke, editor and translator, ''The History of Benefices and Selections from the History of the Council of Trent, by Paolo Sarpi'' (New York: Washington Square Press, 1962), p. xxvii.〕 As a defender of the liberties of Republican Venice and proponent of the separation of Church and state,〔( Ron Naylor, "Paolo Sarpi and the first Copernican tidal theory," ''The British Journal for the History of Science, first view'', 26 February 2014. )〕 Sarpi attained fame as a hero of republicanism and free thought and possible crypto Protestant.〔Sarpi "indeed was the most widely translated Italian author in England between 1620–1720," Christopher Nadon, "Paolo Sarpi and the Venetian Interdict" in ''Enlightenment and Secularism: Essays on the Mobilization of Reason'', Christopher Nadon, editor (Lexington Books, 2013), p. 20.〕 His last words, "Esto perpetua" ("may she (the republic ) live forever"), were recalled by John Adams in 1820 in a letter to Thomas Jefferson, when Adams "wished 'as devoutly as Father Paul for the preservation of our vast American empire and our free institutions', as Sarpi had wished for the preservation of Venice and its institutions,"〔(David C. Hendrickson, Professor of International relations at Colorado College, "Venice and the Liberty of States", ''IR and all that : Classic Readings on International Relations'', December 13, 2013 ).〕 Sarpi was also an experimental scientist, a proponent of the Copernican system, a friend and patron of Galileo Galilei,〔( Richard Cavendish, "Galileo observes the satellites of Jupiter", ''History Today'': 60: (Jan. 2009) ).〕 and a keen follower of the latest research on anatomy, astronomy, and ballistics at the University of Padua. His extensive network of correspondents included Francis Bacon and William Harvey. == Early years == He was born Pietro Sarpi in Venice. His father was a merchant, although not a successful one, his mother a Venetian noblewoman.〔Burke, ''The History of Benefices and Selections from the History of the Council of Trent, by Paolo Sarpi'', p. x.〕 While he was still a child his father died. The brilliant and precocious boy was educated by his maternal uncle, a school teacher, and then by Giammaria Capella, monk in the Augustinian Servite order. At the age of thirteen he entered the Servite order in 1566, assuming the name of Fra (Brother) Paolo, by which, with the epithet Servita, he was always known to his contemporaries.〔"(Paolo Sarpi (1552–1623) )". The Galileo Project. Retrieved on 13 November 2008.〕 Sarpi was assigned to a monastery in Mantua around 1567. In 1570 he sustained theses at a disputation there, and was invited to remain as court theologian to Duke Guglielmo Gonzaga. Sarpi remained four years at Mantua, studying mathematics and oriental languages. He then went to Milan in 1575, where he was an adviser to Charles Borromeo, the saint and bishop〔Richard Tuck, ''Philosophy and Government 1572–1651'' (Cambridge University Press, 1993). ISBN 0521438853. p. 97.〕 but was transferred by his superiors to Venice, as professor of philosophy at the Servite convent. In 1579, he became Provincial〔(See entry, "Provincial", in the Catholic Encyclopedia. )〕 of the Venetian Province of the Servite order, while studying at the University of Padua. At the age of twenty-seven he was appointed Procurator General for the order. In this capacity he was sent to Rome, where he interacted with three successive popes, as well as the grand inquisitor and other influential people. Sarpi returned to Venice in 1588, and passed the next 17 years in study, occasionally interrupted by the internal disputes of his community. In 1601, he was recommended by the Venetian senate for the bishopric of Caorle, but the papal nuncio, who wished to obtain it for a ''protégé'' of his own, accused Sarpi of having denied the immortality of the soul and controverted the authority of Aristotle. An attempt to obtain another bishopric in the following year also failed, Pope Clement VIII having taken offense at Sarpi's habit of corresponding with learned heretics. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Paolo Sarpi」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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